Furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide for Congestive Heart Failure

Objective: To establish which combination of diuretics is the most effective in promoting diuresis in congestive heart failure patients. Secondary Objectives: To determine the duration of action of furosemide as monotherapy and in combination hydrochlorothiazide with metolazone. To determine the effect of diuretic combination therapy on neurohormonal activation. Background: Diuretic resistance occurs when a potent diuretic drug, such as furosemide, is given in therapeutic doses and fails to reduce extracellular fluid volume to the desired level in an edematous patient. Studies have shown that metolazone and hydrochlorothiazide have demonstrated a synergistic response when used in combination with furosemide in congestive heart failure patients. The current guidelines for treating diuretic resistance in congestive heart failure patients recommend the metolazone-furosemide combination. However, there is no evidence to conclude that this combination is superior to hydrochlorothiazide-furosemide in increasing diuresis. Methods: Study to compare the efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide with metolazone in combination with stable doses of furosemide in 13 patients with congestive heart failure. The primary endpoint will be change in urinary output. Secondary endpoints will be changes in weight, neurohormones (angiotensin II, catecholamines, brain natriuretic peptide, aldosterone), and electrocardiographic parameters of ventricular instability. Study procedures will be performed at the UNM General Clinical Research Center. Patients will be hospitalized for 2 separate 4-day admissions, separated by a 1-week washout period. At each admission each patient will receive furosemide in combination with either metolazone or hydrochlorothiazide (metolazone for one admission and hydrochlorothiazide for the other). Following administration of combination therapy, blood and urine samples will be collected throughout the day to chart the onset and magnitude of effect of each treatment regimen. Various hemodynamic, renal, endocrine, and neurohormonal parameters will be assesed as will the effect of each combination treatment on ventricular instability using 12-lead electrocardiography. Data will be analyzed using ANOVA to compare changes from baseline and the Student t-test to analyze intertreatment differences. All statistical analysis will be performed using SAS v6.12.d